CSEC Biology Notes

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  CSEC HSB  [D1] define the terms good health and disease;  [D2] classify the types of diseases;  [D3] differentiate between the terms signs and symptoms; CSEC Biology  [B10.1] distinguish among pathogenic, deficiency, hereditary, and physiological diseases; [B10.5] discuss the treatment and control of the four main groups of disease;  [B10.6] discuss the social, environmental, and economic implications of disease with reference to both plant and animal diseases. 

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  CSEC Biology [B4.3] describe the structure and function of the circulatory system in humans;  [B4.4] relate the structure of the components of blood to their function;  CSEC HSB [B3.4] relate the structures of red blood cells, phagocytes, and lymphocytes to their functions;  [B3.5] relate the structures of the arteries, veins, and capillaries to their functions;  [B3.6] relate the structures of the heart to their functions;  [B3.7] explain the concept of blood pressure;  [B3.8] describe the structure & function of the circulatory system in humans;  [B3.11] discuss the causes & effects of heart diseases; (brief overview)  

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  CSEC HSB [B1.27] distinguish between egestion and excretion;  [B5.1] explain the importance of excretion in human beings;  [B5.2] explain the roles of the organs involved in excretion;  [B5.3] relate the structures of the kidney to their function;  [B5.8] explain the regulation of water;  CSEC Biology  [B5.1] distinguish between egestion and excretion;  [B5.2] discuss the importance of excretion in living organisms;  [B5.3] state how metabolic wastes are excreted from plants and animals;  [B5.4] relate the kidney to its osmoregulatory and excretory functions. 

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  CSEC HSB  [B4.1] identify the major bones of the skeleton;  [B4.2] relate the structure of the skeleton to its functions;  [B4.7] identify a hinge joint, fixed joint, and ball-and-socket joint;  [B4.9] identify the biceps and triceps of the upper arm;  [B4.10] explain how skeletal muscles function in the movement of a limb;  [B4.11] explain the importance of locomotion to man.  CSEC Biology  [B6.2] relate the structure of the skeleton to its function in humans; [B6.3] discuss the importance of locomotion in animals;  [B6.4] describe the mechanism of movement in a human forelimb.  

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  [B2.5] discuss the importance of minerals in plant nutrition using nitrogen and magnesium as examples.

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  CSEC HSB [B6.9] relate the internal structures of the eye to their functions;  [B6.10] explain how images are formed in the eye;  [B6.11] explain accommodation in the eye;  [B6.12] discuss the causes of, and corrective measures for eye defects and diseases.  CSEC Biology  [B7.9] relate the structure of the human eye to its functions as a sense organ;  [B7.10] explain accommodation; sight defects and the corrections of each; 

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  CSEC HSB  [B2.1] explain the importance of breathing in humans;  [B2.2] relate the structures of the respiratory tract to their functions;  [B2.3] describe the breathing mechanism;  [B2.6] distinguish between gaseous exchange and breathing;  [B2.7] identify characteristics common to gaseous exchange surfaces;  [B2.8] differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration;  CSEC BIOLOGY  [B3.1] describe the process of aerobic respiration; [B3.2] distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration;  [B3.3] describe the mechanism of breathing in humans and gaseous exchange in flowering plants;  [B3.4] identify characteristics common to gaseous exchange surfaces; 

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  CSEC HSB  [B5.4] relate the structures of the skin to their functions.  CSEC Biology  [B7.11] relate the structure of the human skin to its function in temperature regulation. 

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  CSEC HSB [B1.14] relate the types of teeth present in an infant and an adult human to their roles;  [B1.15] explain the importance of teeth in the process of digestion;  [B1.16] relate the structures of the tooth to their functions;  [B1.17] state the causes of tooth decay;  [B1.19] outline guidelines for the care of the teeth;  CSEC BIOLOGY  [B2.7] relate the structures of the human alimentary canal to their functions;  simple diagrams of the internal structure of a tooth required. Mastication and the role of teeth in the mechanical breakdown of food to be included. 

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  HSB [B1.20] explain the properties, role and importance of enzymes involved in digestion; [B1.21] investigate the effects of temperature and pH on the activity of the enzymes amylase and catalase in the digestive process;  CSEC BIOLOGY [B2.8] explain the role and importance of enzymes; [B2.9] investigate the effect of temperature and pH on the activity of the enzymes catalase or amylase; 

SYLLABUS REFERENCE HSB  [B1.22] identify the various structures of the digestive system;  [B1.23] relate the structures of the digestive system to their functions;  [B1.24] describe the processes of digestion and absorption of food in the alimentary canal;  [B1.25] discuss the fate of the products of digestion after their absorption;  [B1.26] relate the structure of a villus to the function of absorption;  BIOLOGY [B2.7] relate the structures of the human alimentary canal to their functions;  [B2.8] explain the role and importance of enzymes;  [B2.10] describe what happens to the products of digestion after their absorption; 

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  [B4.7] explain how the structure of xylem vessels is suited for their function;  [B4.8] discuss the role of the process of transpiration in plants;  [B4.9] describe the effect of external factors in transpiration; [B4.11] explain how the structure of the phloem is suited to its functions;

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  CSEC HSB [B6.1] describe the main divisions of the nervous system;  [B6.2] distinguish between a neuron and a nerve;  [B6.3] explain the functions of motor and sensory neurons and spinal synapses;  [B6.4] describe the functions of the parts of the brain;  [B6.5] describe the mechanisms of a reflex action;  [B6.6] explain the process by which voluntary actions occur;  [B6.7] distinguish between a voluntary and involuntary action;  [B6.8] explain the response of the sense organs to stimuli;  [B6.13] compare and contrast endocrine and nervous control systems;   [B6.14] identify the sites of hormone production;   [B6.15] explain the roles of selected hormones in the human body;  CSEC Biology  [B7.1] define 'stimulus' and 'response';  [B7.2] describe the response of: (a) green plants to stimuli; (b) invertebrates to variations in light intensity, temperature and moisture;  [B7.3] define receptor and effector;  [B7.4] explain why the response to stimuli is

SYLLABUS REFERENCE  CSEC HSB  [D5] discuss gastrointestinal diseases;  [B1.9] describe the causes and effects of constipation and diarrhoea